Authors
Abstract
This paper presents a macro model to predict unreinforced masonry structures in plane behavior. The model is based on the concept of multilaminate theory. In the past, the method has been used to model behavior of soil, disregarding the cohesion and the tensile strength. Regarding its mathematical base, and the possibility of applying in other cases, this method is used to predict the ultimate failur load in URM structures in present study. This model is intrinsically capable of spotting induced anisotropy of brittle material such as concrete, rocks and masonry, develponig as a result of cracking. Here, the yield surface applied, consists an generalized mohr-coulomb yield surface, along with a cap model and a cut-off tensile. Comparing numerical results predicted to be obtained in non-linear analysis of masonry structures unreinforced against lateral load, with the results of ther experimental data shows capability of the model in failure analysis of URM structures.
Keywords
1. Lourenco, P. B., “Computational Strategies for Masonry Structures” , Ph.D. Thesis, University of Minho, 1996.
2. Akhaveissy, A. H., “Lateral Strength Force of URM Structures Based on a Constitutive Model for Interface Element”, Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 8, pp. 445-461, 2011.
3. Oliveira, D. V., “Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Blocky Masonry Structures under Cyclic Loading”, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Minho, Guimaraes, Portugal, 2003.
4. Oliveira, D., and Lourenco, P. B., “Implementation and Validation of a Constitutive Model for the Cyclic Behavior of Interface Elements”, Computers and Structures, Vol. 82, pp. 1451-1461, 2004.
5. Chaimoon, K., and Attard, M. M., “Modeling of Unreinforced MasonWalls under Shear and Compression” , Engineering Structures, Vol. 29, pp. 2056-2068, 2006.
6. Brasile, S., Casciaro, R., and Formica, G. “Multilevel Approach for Brick Masonry Walls-Part II:On the Use of Equivalent Continua” , Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering Vol. 196, pp. 4801-4810, 2007.
7. Anthoine, A., “Derivation of the In-plane Elastic Characteristics of Masonry through Homogenisation Theory”, International Journal of Solids and Structures , Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 137-163, 1995.
8. Anthoine, A., “A Homogenisation of Periodic Masonry: Plane Stress, Generalised Plane Strain or 3D Modelling” , Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 13, pp. 319-326, 1997.
9. Lourenço, P. B., Rots, J. G., and Blaauwendraad, J., “Continuum Model for Masonry: Parameter Estimation and Validation”, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 124, No. 6, pp. 642-652, 1998.
10. Berto, L., Saetta, A., Scotta, R., and Vitaliani, R., “Orthotropic Damage Model for Masonry Structures”, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 127-157, 2002.
11. Akhaveissy, A. H., and Desai, C. S., “Unreinforced Masonry Walls: Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis with a Unified Constitutive Model”, Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, Vol. 18, pp. 485-502, 2011.
12. Akhaveissy, A. H., and Milani, G., “Pushover Analysis of Large Scale Unreinforced Masonry Structures by Means of a Fully 2D Non-Linear Model”, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 41 , pp. 276-295, 2013.
13. Akhaveissy, A. H., and Desai, C. S., “Application of DSC Model for Nonlinear Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frames”, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, Vol. 50, pp. 98-107, 2012.
14. Andam, K. A., “Numerical Evaluation of Shear Strength of Structural MasonryAssemblages”, Computer-Aided Design , Vol. 19, No. 7, pp. 355-360, 1987.
15. El-Dakhakhni, W. W., Drysdale, R. G., and Khattab, M. M., “Multilaminate Macromodel for Concrete Masonry: Formulation and Verification”, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 132, No. 12, pp. 1984-1996, 2006.
16. Galavi, V., “A Multilaminate Model for Structured Clay Incorporating Inherent Anisotropy and Strain Softening. Ph.D Thesis”, TU Graz, Austria, Hest 32, 2007.
17. Sánchez, F., Prat, P. C., Galavi, V., and Schweiger, H. F., “Multilaminate and Microplane Models: Same Principles and Different Solutions for Constitutive Behaviour of Geomaterials”, Proceedings of the 12th International. Conference. of Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG), Indian Institute of Technology, Goa, India, pp. 911-919, 2008.
18. Galavi, V., Schweiger, H., “Nonlocal Multilaminate Model for Strain Softening Analysis”, Journal of Geomechanics, ASCE, Vol. 10, No.1, Issue 30 , pp. 1532-3641, 2010.
19. Galavi, V., and Schweiger, H. F., “A Multilaminate Model with Destructuration Considering Anisotropic Strength and Anisotropic Bonding”, Soils and Foundations., Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 341-354, 2009.
20. Kaushik. H. B., Rai, D. C, Jain, and S. K., “Stress-strain Characteristics of Clay Brick Masonry under Uniaxial Compression”, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 19, No. 9, pp.728-739, 2007.
21. Kaushik, H. B., “Rai DC, Jain SK: Uniaxial Compressive Stress Strain Model for Clay Brick Masonry”, Current Science, Vol. 92, No. 4, pp. 497-501, 2007.
22. Pandey, B. H, and Meguro, K., “Simulation of Brick Masonry Wall Behavior under in Plane Lateral Loading Using Applied Element Method”, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada, August 1-6, PP. 1664-1673, 2004.
23. Smith, I. M., Griffiths, D. V., and Margetts, L., Programming the Finite Element Method, 5rd ed.,John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2004.
24. Paquette, J., and Bruneau, M., “Pseudo-Dynamic Testing of Unreinforced Masonry Building with Flexible Diaphragm”, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 129, No. 6, pp. 708-716, 2003.
25. Akhaveissy, A. H., “Limit Analysis of Unreinforced Masonry Structures”, Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 29, No. 1, 1-31, 2013.
2. Akhaveissy, A. H., “Lateral Strength Force of URM Structures Based on a Constitutive Model for Interface Element”, Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 8, pp. 445-461, 2011.
3. Oliveira, D. V., “Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Blocky Masonry Structures under Cyclic Loading”, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Minho, Guimaraes, Portugal, 2003.
4. Oliveira, D., and Lourenco, P. B., “Implementation and Validation of a Constitutive Model for the Cyclic Behavior of Interface Elements”, Computers and Structures, Vol. 82, pp. 1451-1461, 2004.
5. Chaimoon, K., and Attard, M. M., “Modeling of Unreinforced MasonWalls under Shear and Compression” , Engineering Structures, Vol. 29, pp. 2056-2068, 2006.
6. Brasile, S., Casciaro, R., and Formica, G. “Multilevel Approach for Brick Masonry Walls-Part II:On the Use of Equivalent Continua” , Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering Vol. 196, pp. 4801-4810, 2007.
7. Anthoine, A., “Derivation of the In-plane Elastic Characteristics of Masonry through Homogenisation Theory”, International Journal of Solids and Structures , Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 137-163, 1995.
8. Anthoine, A., “A Homogenisation of Periodic Masonry: Plane Stress, Generalised Plane Strain or 3D Modelling” , Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 13, pp. 319-326, 1997.
9. Lourenço, P. B., Rots, J. G., and Blaauwendraad, J., “Continuum Model for Masonry: Parameter Estimation and Validation”, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 124, No. 6, pp. 642-652, 1998.
10. Berto, L., Saetta, A., Scotta, R., and Vitaliani, R., “Orthotropic Damage Model for Masonry Structures”, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 127-157, 2002.
11. Akhaveissy, A. H., and Desai, C. S., “Unreinforced Masonry Walls: Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis with a Unified Constitutive Model”, Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, Vol. 18, pp. 485-502, 2011.
12. Akhaveissy, A. H., and Milani, G., “Pushover Analysis of Large Scale Unreinforced Masonry Structures by Means of a Fully 2D Non-Linear Model”, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 41 , pp. 276-295, 2013.
13. Akhaveissy, A. H., and Desai, C. S., “Application of DSC Model for Nonlinear Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frames”, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, Vol. 50, pp. 98-107, 2012.
14. Andam, K. A., “Numerical Evaluation of Shear Strength of Structural MasonryAssemblages”, Computer-Aided Design , Vol. 19, No. 7, pp. 355-360, 1987.
15. El-Dakhakhni, W. W., Drysdale, R. G., and Khattab, M. M., “Multilaminate Macromodel for Concrete Masonry: Formulation and Verification”, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 132, No. 12, pp. 1984-1996, 2006.
16. Galavi, V., “A Multilaminate Model for Structured Clay Incorporating Inherent Anisotropy and Strain Softening. Ph.D Thesis”, TU Graz, Austria, Hest 32, 2007.
17. Sánchez, F., Prat, P. C., Galavi, V., and Schweiger, H. F., “Multilaminate and Microplane Models: Same Principles and Different Solutions for Constitutive Behaviour of Geomaterials”, Proceedings of the 12th International. Conference. of Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG), Indian Institute of Technology, Goa, India, pp. 911-919, 2008.
18. Galavi, V., Schweiger, H., “Nonlocal Multilaminate Model for Strain Softening Analysis”, Journal of Geomechanics, ASCE, Vol. 10, No.1, Issue 30 , pp. 1532-3641, 2010.
19. Galavi, V., and Schweiger, H. F., “A Multilaminate Model with Destructuration Considering Anisotropic Strength and Anisotropic Bonding”, Soils and Foundations., Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 341-354, 2009.
20. Kaushik. H. B., Rai, D. C, Jain, and S. K., “Stress-strain Characteristics of Clay Brick Masonry under Uniaxial Compression”, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 19, No. 9, pp.728-739, 2007.
21. Kaushik, H. B., “Rai DC, Jain SK: Uniaxial Compressive Stress Strain Model for Clay Brick Masonry”, Current Science, Vol. 92, No. 4, pp. 497-501, 2007.
22. Pandey, B. H, and Meguro, K., “Simulation of Brick Masonry Wall Behavior under in Plane Lateral Loading Using Applied Element Method”, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada, August 1-6, PP. 1664-1673, 2004.
23. Smith, I. M., Griffiths, D. V., and Margetts, L., Programming the Finite Element Method, 5rd ed.,John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2004.
24. Paquette, J., and Bruneau, M., “Pseudo-Dynamic Testing of Unreinforced Masonry Building with Flexible Diaphragm”, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 129, No. 6, pp. 708-716, 2003.
25. Akhaveissy, A. H., “Limit Analysis of Unreinforced Masonry Structures”, Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 29, No. 1, 1-31, 2013.
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