Numerical Modeling and Seismic Performance of Strap Braced Shear Walls Sheathed by Gypsum Board
Authors
Abstract
Diagonal Strap bracing is one of the most applicable lateral bracing systems in light steel framing (LSF). In practice, one or more panels of Gypsum Wall Boards (GWBs) is used for the cladding of strap braced frames. Usually, the effect of these GWBs in modelling and design is neglected by designers, but this effect can affect the seismic performance of the system In this paper, firstly, a simple numerical method is developed to model the monotonic and cyclic behavior of cold-formed strap braced shear walls together with GWBs. Then, the effects of GWB on the lateral characteristics and seismic performance levels of shear walls are evaluated. It is found that neglecting GWB in the lateral design or modeling of LSF is not rational and GWB can increase the dissipation of earthquake energy, lateral strength and stiffness of the walls. Also, the shear wall composed of strap bracing and SWBs reaches a certain performance level in a less drift ratio in comparison to to only strap braced system
Keywords
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10. Peck, Q., Rogers, C. A., and Serrette, R., “Cold-Formed Steel Framed Gypsum Shear Walls: In Plane Response”, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 138, pp. 932-941, 2012.
11. Adham, S. A., Avanessian, V., Hart, V. R., and Anderson, V., “Shear Wall Resistance of Light gage Steel Stud Wall Systems”, Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 6, pp. 1-14, 1990.
12. Serrette, R., and Ogunfunmi, K., “Shear Resistance of Gypsum-sheathed Light-gauge Steel Stud Walls”, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 122, pp. 383-389, 1996.
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14. Hatami, S., Ronagh, H. R., and Azhari, M., “Behavior of Thin-strap-braced Cold-formed Steel Frames under Cyclic Loads”, 5th International Conference on Thin-Walled Structures, Brisbane, Australia, 18-20 June 2008.
15. LU, S., “Influence of Gypsum Panels on the Response of Cold-formed Steel Framed Shear Walls”, Master of Engineering Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, 2015.
16. Park, R., “Evaluation of Ductility of Structures and Structural Assemblages from Laboratory Testing”, Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 22, pp. 155-166, 1989.
17. Foliente, G. C., “Issues in Seismic Performance Testing and Evaluation of Timber Structural Systems”, International Wood Engineering Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA. pp. 29-36, 1989.
18. ASTM E2126-11., “Methods for Cyclic (Reversed) Load Test for Shear Resistance of Vertical Elements of the Lateral Force Resisting Systems for Buildings American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test”, PA, USA, ASTM International, 2011.
19. Xu, L., and Martınez, J., “Simplified Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Buildings with CFS Shear Wall Panels”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 44, pp. 1084-1095, 2006.
20. McKenna, F., “OpenSees: the Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation”, http://opensees.berkeley.edu, 2014.
21. Lowes, L. N, and Altoontash, A., “Modelling Reinforced-concrete Beam-column Joints Subjected to Cyclic Loading”, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 129, pp. 1686-1697, 2003.
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23. Krawinkler, H., Parisi, F., Ibarra, L., Ayoub, A., and Medina, R., “Development of a Testing Protocol for Woodframe Structures”, Report W-02 Covering Task 1.3.2, CUREE/Caltech Wood Frame Project, 2000.
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25. Oliva, M. G., “Racking Behavior of Wood-framed Gypsum Panels under Dynamic Load”, Report No. UCB/EERC-85/06, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, Richmond, CA, 1985.
26. Freeman, S. A., “Racking Tests of High Rise Building Partition”, Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 103, pp. 1673-1685, 1977.
27. McMullin, K. M., and Merrick, D., Seismic Performance of Gypsum Walls: Experimental Test Program, CUREE Publication, No. W-15, 2002.
28. Arnold, A., Uang, C. M., and Filiatrault, A., “Cyclic Behavior and Repair of Stucco and Gypsum Sheathed Woodframe Walls: Phase II”, Report No. SSRP-2003/02, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 2003.
29. Ekiert, C., and Filiatrault, A., “Fragility Curves for Wood Light-Frame Structural Systems for ATC-58”, Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 2008.
30. Restrepo, J., and Bersofsky, A. M., “Performance Characteristics of Light Gage Steel Stud Partition Walls”, Thin-Walled Structures, Vol. 49, pp. 317-324, 2011.
31. Arnold, A., and Uang, C. M., and Filiatrault, A., “Cyclic Behavior and Repair of Stucco and Gypsum Sheathed Woodframe Walls: Phase II”, Report No. SSRP-2003/02, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 2003
32. Retamales, R., Davies, R. M., Mosqueda, G., and Filiatrault A., “Experimental Seismic Fragility of Cold-formed Steel Framed Gypsum Partition Walls”, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 139, pp. 1285-1293, 2013.
33. Teresa, M., “Seismic Behavior of Diagonal Strap Braced CFS Structures”, Ph.D. Thesis, Università delis Studi di Napoli Federico II, 2013.
34. Dubina D.,“Behavior and Performance of Cold-formed Steel-framed Houses under Seismic Action”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 64, pp. 896-913, 2008.
2. Design and Implementation of Light Steel Structures Code (structure), Journal 612, President Deputy Strategic Planning and Control, 2012, (In Farsi).
3. AISI S240-15, “North American Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Framing”, American Iron and Steel Institute, USA, 2015.
4. Davani, M. R., Hatami, S., and Zare, A., “Performance-based Evaluation of Strap-braced Cold-formed Steel Frames using Incremental Dynamic Analysis”, Steel and Composite Structures, Vol. 21, pp. 1369-1388, 2016.
5. Morgan, K., “Performance of Cold-formed Steel-framed Shear walls: Alternative Configurations”, Report: LGSRG-06-02, Department of Civil Engineering, Santa Clara, CA, 2002.
6. Al-Kharat, M., and Rogers, C. A., “Inelastic Performance of Screw-connected Cold-formed Steel Strap-Braced Walls”, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 35, pp. 11-26, 2008.
7. Liu, P., Peterman, K. D., and Schafer, B. W., “Test Report on Cold-formed Steel Shear Walls”, Research Report CFS-NEES RR03. Department. of Civil Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, CFS-NEES, 2012.
8. Velchev, K., Comeau, G., Balh, N., and Rogers, C. A., “Evaluation of the AISI S213 Seismic Design Procedures Through Testing of Strap Braced Cold-formed Steel Walls”, Thin-Walled Structures, Vol. 48, pp. 846-856, 2010.
9. Morello, D., “Seismic Performance of Multi-story Structures with Cold-formed Steel Wood Sheathed Shear Walls”, Master of Engineering Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, 2009.
10. Peck, Q., Rogers, C. A., and Serrette, R., “Cold-Formed Steel Framed Gypsum Shear Walls: In Plane Response”, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 138, pp. 932-941, 2012.
11. Adham, S. A., Avanessian, V., Hart, V. R., and Anderson, V., “Shear Wall Resistance of Light gage Steel Stud Wall Systems”, Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 6, pp. 1-14, 1990.
12. Serrette, R., and Ogunfunmi, K., “Shear Resistance of Gypsum-sheathed Light-gauge Steel Stud Walls”, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 122, pp. 383-389, 1996.
13. Gad, E. F., Duffield, C. F., Hutchinson, G. L., Mansell, D. S., and Stark, G., “Lateral Performance of Cold-formed Steel-framed Domestic Structures”, Engineering Structures, Vol. 21, pp. 83-95, 1999.
14. Hatami, S., Ronagh, H. R., and Azhari, M., “Behavior of Thin-strap-braced Cold-formed Steel Frames under Cyclic Loads”, 5th International Conference on Thin-Walled Structures, Brisbane, Australia, 18-20 June 2008.
15. LU, S., “Influence of Gypsum Panels on the Response of Cold-formed Steel Framed Shear Walls”, Master of Engineering Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, 2015.
16. Park, R., “Evaluation of Ductility of Structures and Structural Assemblages from Laboratory Testing”, Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 22, pp. 155-166, 1989.
17. Foliente, G. C., “Issues in Seismic Performance Testing and Evaluation of Timber Structural Systems”, International Wood Engineering Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA. pp. 29-36, 1989.
18. ASTM E2126-11., “Methods for Cyclic (Reversed) Load Test for Shear Resistance of Vertical Elements of the Lateral Force Resisting Systems for Buildings American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test”, PA, USA, ASTM International, 2011.
19. Xu, L., and Martınez, J., “Simplified Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Buildings with CFS Shear Wall Panels”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 44, pp. 1084-1095, 2006.
20. McKenna, F., “OpenSees: the Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation”, http://opensees.berkeley.edu, 2014.
21. Lowes, L. N, and Altoontash, A., “Modelling Reinforced-concrete Beam-column Joints Subjected to Cyclic Loading”, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 129, pp. 1686-1697, 2003.
22. SeyedSharafi, S. M, “Numerical Modeling and Seismic Analysis of Cold Formed Steel Shear Walls Withstrap Bracing and Gypsum Board Sheathing”, Thesis of MSc, Department of Engineering, Yasouj Univercity, 2016, (In Farsi).
23. Krawinkler, H., Parisi, F., Ibarra, L., Ayoub, A., and Medina, R., “Development of a Testing Protocol for Woodframe Structures”, Report W-02 Covering Task 1.3.2, CUREE/Caltech Wood Frame Project, 2000.
24. Lee, T., Kato, M., Matsumiya, T., Keiichiro, S., and Nakashima, M., “Seismic Performance Evaluation of Nonstructural Components: Drywall Partitions”, Annuals of Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, No. 49 C, 2006.
25. Oliva, M. G., “Racking Behavior of Wood-framed Gypsum Panels under Dynamic Load”, Report No. UCB/EERC-85/06, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, Richmond, CA, 1985.
26. Freeman, S. A., “Racking Tests of High Rise Building Partition”, Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 103, pp. 1673-1685, 1977.
27. McMullin, K. M., and Merrick, D., Seismic Performance of Gypsum Walls: Experimental Test Program, CUREE Publication, No. W-15, 2002.
28. Arnold, A., Uang, C. M., and Filiatrault, A., “Cyclic Behavior and Repair of Stucco and Gypsum Sheathed Woodframe Walls: Phase II”, Report No. SSRP-2003/02, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 2003.
29. Ekiert, C., and Filiatrault, A., “Fragility Curves for Wood Light-Frame Structural Systems for ATC-58”, Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 2008.
30. Restrepo, J., and Bersofsky, A. M., “Performance Characteristics of Light Gage Steel Stud Partition Walls”, Thin-Walled Structures, Vol. 49, pp. 317-324, 2011.
31. Arnold, A., and Uang, C. M., and Filiatrault, A., “Cyclic Behavior and Repair of Stucco and Gypsum Sheathed Woodframe Walls: Phase II”, Report No. SSRP-2003/02, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 2003
32. Retamales, R., Davies, R. M., Mosqueda, G., and Filiatrault A., “Experimental Seismic Fragility of Cold-formed Steel Framed Gypsum Partition Walls”, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 139, pp. 1285-1293, 2013.
33. Teresa, M., “Seismic Behavior of Diagonal Strap Braced CFS Structures”, Ph.D. Thesis, Università delis Studi di Napoli Federico II, 2013.
34. Dubina D.,“Behavior and Performance of Cold-formed Steel-framed Houses under Seismic Action”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 64, pp. 896-913, 2008.
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